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Women's mutual support in political parties as a possible path towards equal representation of women and men
Perglová, Zdeňka ; Hejzlarová, Eva (advisor) ; Frič, Pavol (referee)
The theme of this paper is mutual support between women in political parties as one of the means to improve equal representation of women in politics. The theoretical part of the paper illustrates that the causes of low representation of women do not lie within women themselves. Using the theory of historical institutionalism, it shows how difficult it is to change deeply rooted institutions like a political party, political environment, as well as the whole society. It also considers the importance of monitoring representation not only by numbers, but also by the division of power in terms of gender. It studies the queen bee phenomenon which manifests itself in male-dominated environments. It introduces basic types of women's mutual support such as sharing, networking, women's platforms, and mentoring. The goal of the paper is to discover, by means of the qualitative research method, what experiences women in political parties have with mutual support and which barriers stand in its way. It identifies several forms of mutual support that appear among women, from informal sharing to robust women's platform. It establishes a series of characteristics which can be used to distinguish between the forms of support. It divides barriers to mutual support into five categories - denial of the problem,...
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Appearance of Czech Women Politicans through the Eyes of Social Network Users
Michálková, Kristýna ; Reifová, Irena (advisor) ; Švelch, Jaroslav (referee)
This diploma thesis explores the connection of three areas: political communication, social networks and gender. The thesis focuses on the perception of appearance of contemporary Czech female politicians in the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to analyse user comments on the social network Facebook concerning the physical appearance of female politicians. In the theoretical part of the thesis, concepts related to representation, the role of women in political representation, the gender difference in access to politics and the history of gaining the right to vote for women are presented. Furthermore, attention is paid to political communication, its definition, transformation over time and temporal distribution. Media portrayals of female politicians in traditional media and on social media are also presented. The results of the elections held on 8. - 9. October 2021 are also presented here. The analytical part is devoted to the actual implementation of the research and its methodological background. Sampling, data collection and the procedure for coding comments are described. Subsequently, the final research findings and the answers to the research questions, which were achieved through quantitative frequency analysis and qualitative frame...
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Representation of women in municipal councils: How does the allocation of municipal budgets differ based on the representation of women?
Štrobachová, Tereza ; Císař, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jeřábek, Hynek (referee)
This paper examines the impact of women's representation in municipal councils in the Czech Republic on municipal budget allocation. The primary objective was to determine whether the level of representation of women in municipal councils across the Czech Republic affects the allocation of municipal budgets across different areas. In particular, the thesis focuses on the relationship between the gender composition of municipal councils and the allocation of budget resources, with the main aim of investigating how the presence of women in municipal councils affects the distribution of funds, with a deeper focus on whether higher representation of women in municipal councils generates changes in the structure of budget allocation, including across different categories of expenditure in favour of traditional women's issues. Using multiple linear regression models and studying the 2018 and 2021 budgets of municipalities in the Czech Republic, it was found that most of the predicted associations between women's representation and budget allocation were not confirmed, and the results were not statistically significant. However, a statistically significant association was found between higher representation of women in councils and an increase in spending on traditionally women's issues. When interpreting...
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Quotas in politics as a way to obtain equality between the sexes?
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Vargovčíková, Jana (referee)
The main purpose of this text is to answer a question whether quotas in politics create conditions for obtaining equality between the sexes. Women's consistent underrepresentation in legislatures constitutes a democratic deficit and quotas are suggested as a possible means of attaining women's equal participation in political decision-making. Arguments for and against quotas will be showed. Quotas are aligned with several concepts - a politics of presence, descriptive representation and differentiated citizenship. It will be also explained why the unequal distribution of the unpaid labor of the family is a major obstacle for women to gain equality in politics. It will be described what types of quotas are actually applied, what are the effects of gender quotas in terms of numbers as well as the empowerment of women and under what conditions are women politicians able to make use of their positions as elected politicians. Attention will be paid to some years of experience with the implementation of quotas in Africa, whether the inclusion of women in politics furthers democratization and interests of women. South Africa will be showed as a country in which gender quotas are applied with success. In contrast negative effects of quotas in certain political system and context will be pointed out.
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Gender quotas in politics
Mottlová, Markéta ; Bíba, Jan (advisor) ; Znoj, Milan (referee)
The main claim of my thesis is that demand of higher representation of women in politics and calling for quotas are legitimate. This claim is based on theoretical framework of descriptive and group representation. Essentialism is rejected in the line of reasoning in favour of more women in politics. Instead, current disadvantage of women and social and institutional barriers are pointed out. Although there are no common women's interestes, equality issues are predominantly placed on the political agenda by female politicians. Besides gender stereotypes the biggest obstacle for women in politics are their own political parties because they nominate few women and they do not place them at the top of candidate lists. Civic Democratic Party before election to Chamber of Deputies in 2013 was an example of the concept glass cliff when women get to leadership positions in the context of crisis. Quotas are based on mistrust of gradual development. Efficiency of quotas depends on how many political parties use them and in which position in parlament these parties are. The order of candidates on the ballots is also important. Nowadays there is a proposal of legislative quotas which would be obligatory for all political parties.
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The role and status of women in top politics in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948-1968
Kočišková, Jana ; Pernes, Jiří (advisor) ; Kocian, Jiří (referee) ; Konečný, Karel (referee)
Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta Ústav Politologie Doktorský studijní program: Politologie Studijní obor: Politologie Annotation to the Dissertation Thesis Role a postavení žen ve vrcholné politice v Československu v letech 1948-1968 The role and status of women in top politics in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948-1968 Mgr. Jana Kočišková Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Jiří Pernes, Dr. Praha 2017 Annotation: The aim of dissertation thesis is to comprehensively assess and analyze the role and participation of women in top level politics in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948-1968. Selected time period belongs in terms of political participation of women to the less studied. The dissertation deals with and explores the relevance of the three basic kinds of factors affecting the proportion of women in top level politics (institutional, socio-economic and cultural), with regard to the specifics of a given type of undemocratic political regime, the pervasive communist ideology and the leading role of the Communist Party. Cultural factors include historical tradition of female political participation in Czechoslovakia, women's issues in the communist ideology and its application in the USSR and Czechoslovakia in practice. Socio-economic factors include living standard of population, level of education, level of...
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Representation of women in the French parliamentary elections in 2012 and 2017
Součková, Alžběta ; Perottino, Michel (advisor) ; Kubátová, Hana (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals with a comparative analysis of the elections to the French National Assembly in 2012 and 2017 in terms of the representation of women among candidates and among elected deputies. The representation of women in the National Assembly is presented in the historical context of women in the political space from the French Revolution, through the gain of women's suffrage after World War II, to the Parity Act in 2000, which introduces legal quotas for women's representation in political institutions and functions. The thesis deals with factors that affects women's entry into politics and their number, such as the French Fifth Republic's electoral system in elections to the National Assembly or setting quotas for women's representation, as well as indicators that determine the real power and importance of women in politics. The comparison of the legislative elections in 2012, when the Socialist Party won, and the legislative elections in 2017, when the new political group En Marche won the majority, deals mainly with different approches of political parties to the law of parity and gender equality and then also with differences in filling key positions in the National Assembly. The conclusion of the thesis presents the results of the analysis, which will either confirm or...
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Female political candidate marfketing. Women in general election's campaigns 2017
Lysková, Taťána ; Shavit, Anna (advisor) ; Švec, Kamil (referee)
The Bachelor thesis "Female political candidates marketing: Women in general election's campaigns 2017" deals with the appearance of female candidates in the election campaigns on the example of the campaigns of the parties before the elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament in the year of 2017. In the theoretical part, this thesis outlines the main barriers to a balanced representation of men and women in the politics. It introduces the state of representation of women in the Czech post-revolutionary politics in general, then describes the development of women's representation in the lower chamber of parliament from 1996 to the present. Furthermore, the thesis describes the gender stereotypes that politicians face the most often, such as attributing special competences or incompetences on the basis of their gender, highlighting their family or maternal roles at the expense of their professional abilities or imposing emphasis on the appearance and clothing of the candidates. Part of the work that has a practical character analyses the election campaigns of the strongest parties in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in 2017, in terms of presence, meaning the frequency, and the method of displaying their female candidates in them. The analysis relates to selected campaign mediums,...
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